🎶 EMBRACE THE EDM 🎶

Written By: Zach Champ

WHAT IS EDM?

EDM is an acronym for Electronic Dance Music. EDM represents a family of musical genres which all relate to electronic music production techniques and sounds. This is done using equipment like synthesizers and computers to help create unique sounds and beats.

Like other big families of music like Rock n Roll, Country, and Rap, what we know call EDM evolved organically as a sound from the continued development and experimentation of older musical styles, sounds, and genres.

The beginnings of what would be known as Electronic Dance Music begin in the 1960s and 1970s, during the rise and fall of disco music.

Everyone associates disco with everyone getting their boogie on in the dance-floor!

However, before Disco music, the only options for nightlife dancing were performances by live bands and jukeboxes (Colombo, 2010). Disco was the first music genre to incorporate the use of new technology such as variable speed turntables, mixers, and recorded tapes which allowed DJ’s the ability to remix unique variations of popular tracks (Colombo, 2010).

The use of equipment like this didn’t just help innovate Disco music production, but it also allowed DJs to mix tracks so that the songs could play continuously and uninterrupted allowing audiences to keep dancing and having a good time (Colombo, 2010). This was the prototype for the hours-long DJ sets that would eventually come to characterize EDM festivals and raves.

Disco quickly gained mainstream appeal after the release of Hollywood movies like “Saturday Night Fever” (1977) starring John Travolta; which helped introduce American audiences to the idea of nightclubs, and nightlife dancing and entertainment. The plot of the movie helped demonstrate how clubs and disco were the epicenters of a cultural revolution that was breaking racial and discriminatory barriers by bringing people together on the dance-floor! Disco showed how dance music could be a progressive force in culture and society.

Some of the most famous Disco artists included legends like the Bee Gees, ABBA, Gloria Gaynor, KC and the Sunshine Band, and even Michael Jackson when he younger and performing as part of the Jackson 5.

In the mid to late 1970s more technological breakthroughs pushed the potential for what electronic music could sound like. The first commercial synthesizers were produced and sold in America as early as the 1960s. However, it was only a decade later when the potential of synthesizers for musicians became more widely realized and utilized. Synthesizers allowed artists and musicians a new way of exploring and creating novel sounds for their songs and works.

During the 1980s the next big innovative leap came with the invention of the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), and the invention of the Roland TR-808 Drum Machine also known affectionately as the ‘808s’. 

The use of synthesizers and drum machines in music production led to the development of SynthPop and ‘New Wave’ music. This sound came to define the 1980s, especially with popular bands and groups like Kraftwerk, Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys, and Tears for Fear.

During the 1980s, it was also one-hit wonders that relied heavily on the use of synthesizers like Harold Faltermeyer- Axel F (1984) that captivated producers and musicians alike and helped set the formula for what made ‘hot’ dance music moving forward into the future...

This takes us to Chicago, which during this time was the home of a thriving, soon-to-be historic underground club community. The DJ’s that were performing at these small clubs and venues were beginning to craft a new sound from the use of popular disco tracks and new electronic drum machines.

What would come next would be foundational for the development of Electronic Dance Music.

The release of Marshall Jefferson- Move Your Body (1986) and then Frankie Knuckles- Your Love (1987) marked the formal emergence of house music. House music is known for its distinctive 4/4 rhythm structure and the use of different types of drums, hi-hats, snares, and claps as well as synthesized sounds that create catchy and energetic dance tracks. House music was an essential stepping stone towards the development of today’s modern EDM sounds and genres, and it quickly spread from Chicago to around the world where it became more refined and mastered.

Meet a House DJ and legend that lives right here in the DMV! Check out our other article on the DMV Music and Art blog, Hoodie Goodies Interview with the Artist- DJ Tony B

Through House music and other genres, EDM continued to grow throughout the 1990s, primarily in Europe. During this period EDM was popularized by the developing sounds of genres like Techno, Trance, and Drum and Bass. There were many successful artists and DJ’s for these genres during this period, including Alice Deejay, Aphex Twin, The Prodigy, Scatman John, Goldie, and many others. 

The early 1990s saw the peak and wane of the underground raves and nightclub movement which was predominately popular in Great Britain and Europe. Even though trespassing and anti-drug laws cracked down hard on the underground rave movement, EDM continued to blossom throughout the rest of the 1990s.

The arrival of the new millennium formalized the mainstream use of electronic music production techniques in popular music. Electronic dance hits consistently ranked in the top 40’s hits in various categories and radio stations. Many songs from other genres such as pop, hip-hop, and rock would often experiment with electronic dance music sounds and techniques.

The hottest dance hits of the 1990s were heavily influenced by electronic music production techniques and sounds. Song’s like Cher- Believe (1998) and Eiffel 65- I’m Blue (Da Ba Dee) (1998) dominated not only the sound systems and speakers of clubs but also the local airwaves and radio stations. EDM quickly began to replace Rock n Roll as the most popular form of music around the world.

If you were born in the late 1980s or the early 1990s than you most likely remember or know the song Darude- Sandstorm (2000). You probably are also familiar with the French house robot duo and culture icons Daft Punk and their hit songs One More Time (2000) and Around the World (1997).

You can’t talk about the history of EDM without bringing up Ibiza!

Ibiza is an island off the coast of Spain with a total landmass that is almost 10x the size of Manhattan Island. It’s home to several cities and an international airport. It coincidentally has also over the decades evolved into an international tourism hot-spot for nightlife and partying.

During the late 1970s and going into the 1980s, night clubs became an established form of business and entertainment in many of the cities of Ibiza. As the 1990s approached, electronic dance music had gained international mainstream recognition. At the same time, the island of Ibiza and its population had grown as more tourists and foreign nationals visited and moved to the popular destination.

It wasn’t long before nightclubs started catering to the arrival of the newly wealthy and aristocratic tourists and vacationers with luxurious after-hours private parties and exotic raves. Ibiza rapidly became the hotspot for elegance and entertainment among the elite of Europe and abroad.

Today you cannot consider yourself a world-class DJ unless you have performed at Ibiza!

Since 2000 many new exciting genres of electronic dance music have emerged. Modern EDM has become diverse and includes a variety of sounds ranging from Electro-House to Trap Music to Dubstep.

Sonny J. Moore was a former professional hardcore rocker and vocalist who became a DJ after a series of vocal surgeries left him unable to sing.

Sonny, performing under the name Skrillex, took his skills from hardcore rock and applied them to his new interest in electronic dance music. Sonny realized there was overlap between the harsh riffs and drums of hardcore rock and the aggressive, robotic sounds of an emerging British EDM sub-genre called Dubstep. Combining the two, he was able to create a new intense musical experience that would possess people on the dance floor and bring out the inner animal in anyone.

Sonny introduced audiences in America to Dubstep. which up to that point had been primarily a genre limited to the British club scene.

Skrillex created many successful hits such as the Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites album, and singles like Bangarang (2011) and Cinema Ft. Benny Benassi (2010) that received significant appraise by music critics and fans alike.

Without Sonny’s influence, Dubstep would never have been part of American popular culture and would have remained an oversea phenomenon.

Today EDM shows attract some of the largest and most diverse audiences in the professional music industry. EDM has achieved not only mainstream appeal and recognition but has revolutionized the sound of music and the nightlife and entertainment industries.

Major EDM artists in the scene today include Steve Aoki, Calvin Harris, Diplo, Afrojack, Tiesto, Martin Garrix, Krewella, Zhu, and more!

If you want to see a cool graphic visualization of the development and evolution of EDM then check out Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music available here on the following link: http://techno.org/electronic-music-guide/

THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC

EDM is one of the most popular music genres worldwide. What has started as an underground sound has evolved into a billion-dollar industry that has taken over the world and popular culture...

There is a clear distinction between the EDM underground scene and the commercial industry that has evolved over the years.

How much does EDM music make as an industry?

Last year in 2018 EDM Clubs and Venues were able to generate $965 million and nearly 160 million festival tickets were sold for EDM events (Lowtone, 2019). When considering the industry as a whole, it is estimated that the value of Electronic Dance Music to the global economy is nearly $8 billion and growing (Lowtone, 2019)!

What drives all of this activity?

The answer lies in the spectacular multi-day festivals and shows that EDM is known for.

One of the hottest EDM festivals on the East Coast is located here in the Greater DMV area!

Moonrise Festival is held each year in Baltimore, Maryland and is an impressive production organized by local nightlife company Glow D.C, an affiliate of Panorama Productions.

Moonrise Festival is open to all ages, and brings some of the best EDM producers and DJ's to the DMV!

Past lineups have included artists such as Afrojack, Bassnectar, Diplo, Kaskade, Porter Robinson, Seven Lions, and many other well-renown performers.

Moonrise Festival never leaves you disappointed and is an essential festival for EDM fans in the DMV!

YOU CAN LEARN MORE ABOUT MOONRISE FESTIVAL BY CHECKING OUT THE LINK HERE: http://www.moonrisefestival.com/

Festivals like Moonrise are big productions and require large amounts of money and resources to organize and perform. Large-scale music events and entertainment companies are responsible for figuring out the operational and logistical aspects of these festivals. These companies are responsible for managing and maintaining the behemoth that is the commercial electronic dance music industry.

One of the most dominant players within the industry is Insomniac Productions, which is the world’s largest dance music and nightlife company. Owned and operated by Pasquale Rotella, Insomniac Productions started in 1993 after the peak of the 90’s underground rave scene had passed.

Insomniac Productions are responsible for putting on large-scale shows and festivals like the widely popular Electric Forest and Electric Daisy Carnival.

Who leads the DMV’s corporate EDM scene?

Panorama Productions (https://dcclubbing.com/)

The largest nightlife and entertainment group in Washington D.C is Panorama Productions. Panorama Productions is owned by Antonis Karagounis and operates 5 venues in the District of Colombia.

Synthesis Productions (https://www.synthesisdc.com/)

For those looking for a more niche EDM experience in Washington D.C, there is Synthesis Productions. Synthesis Productions specializes in providing nightlife dance parties and events with trance and progressive EDM Artist.

Synthesis prides itself on being Washington D.C's 'Underground Dance Music Movement'. As an entertainment brand, their goal is to focus on the community and the fans.

With Synthesis it's all about the love of trance and EDM music!

You can stay up to date with Synthesis Productions and their music events by checking them out on social media.

FB: https://www.facebook.com/synthesisdc/
IG: https://www.instagram.com/synthdc/

WHAT IF THE DMV HAD ANOTHER GREAT EDM FESTIVAL LIKE MOONRISE?

READ OUR OTHER ARTICLE WHY THE DMV SHOULD HOST ITS OWN VERSION OF ELECTRIC FOREST

IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC DANCE MUSIC ON CULTURE

The widespread appeal of Electronic Dance Music across the country and the world has had a noticeable effect on pop music and pop culture.

The earliest EDM memes to go viral was the Internet Video featuring Techno-Viking. Techno Viking is unique in that as an online video meme it predates YouTube. The original video was uploaded in 2001 where it floated around on various internet websites and online communities before an online user uploaded it to YouTube in 2007. It immediately went viral and spawned the birth of an anonymous internet celebrity and icon.

In the video which is 4 minutes long, we see a crowd of people enjoying themselves at a German techno dance music festival called Fuckparade. At the beginning of the video, a man aggressively grabs a woman before a tall, muscular, bare-chested man enters the scenes and pushes the guy back. The man is wearing a Norse pendant and is the Techno Viking in subject. He then points at the man (and towards the camera) before returning to the center of the crowd. At this point, the crowd starts moving for the parade and the man starts dancing to the music, marching with the rest of the people for the remainder of the video (Fritsch, 2019).

During the early 2000s, EDM was growing in prominence and had several firmly established scenes and sub-cultures. One of the biggest impacts EDM made on dance culture began as one of these niche activities. This revolutionary dance was known as the Melbourne Shuffle.

The Melbourne Shuffle is a dance that quickly spread throughout the EDM scenes and became the primary method of dancing to most EDM genres. The Melbourne Shuffle is a combination of the running man dance motion, and the T-Step dance motion. When combined the motions give the dancer the ability to create the illusion that they are effortlessly gliding across the surface of the floor. The effect is impressive to watch and adds to the visual delight of raves and festivals, especially when a person sees dozens of people in a crowd shuffling across the dance-floor in unison to the pumping beats and bass.

The Melbourne Shuffle was for a long time associated only with the Hardstyle and Hard Trance communities. Die-hard fans of this community would often attend raves and dance battles/meet-ups dressed in long baggy pants with bright colorful suspenders purposefully hanging off the shoulders.

The Melbourne Shuffle was able to break away from this niche and expand into other music genres with the release of LMFAO- Party Rock Anthem (2011).

In the music video for the song the two artists Redfoo and Sky Blu, an uncle and nephew performing duo from Los Angeles, feature and perform the Melbourne Shuffle dance. The music video quickly went viral and soon "everybody was shuffling!"

One of the most recent popular culture memes that swept across America was the Harlem Shake. The meme features the song by the EDM artist Baauer- Harlem Shake (2012).

The online meme went viral beginning in early February 2013 with a series of videos featuring the new trendy dance.

In the videos, the dance begins with the characteristic drop in the song’s intro with people raging hard and making random and intense dance movements. It can be aggressive or silly, depending on the crowd in the video, and always captures the energy and excitement of the heavy-hitting dance track.

Thousands of videos featuring the Harlem Shake were created and shared online and millions of people viewed them.

There has already been a handful of generations of rave goers that have grown up and matured through the scene, so even though EDM is relatively new as a genre, it has already made a distinct and lasting impact on popular culture and society.

Rave Culture

Raves are an essential element of underground electronic dance music culture.

Just what exactly is a Rave?

Raves are a type of EDM live music show, where a DJ or team of DJ’s perform sets that feature a combination of light shows and effects, loud music, and deep pounding bass usually while in dark warehouses, clubs, or other venues.

Most underground raves are held illegally on private property and are quickly set-up by enterprising and entrepreneurial event organizers looking to capitalize on vacant or abandoned property.

While this was more common in the 1990s during the popularity of techno, especially in Europe and Great Britain, you are more likely to experience a rave these days at a commercial festival or venue.

"There were no festivals in America before raves." - Pasquale Rotella - https://edm.com/news/pasquale-rotella-no-festivals-before-raves

One big feature of rave culture is the emphasis on maintaining a safe space and environment for rave goers. A big aspect of rave culture is the emphasis on PLUR- Peace, Love, Unity, Respect.

PLUR is a philosophy, religion, way of life, and more to many rave and EDM enthusiasts. PLUR allows people from around the world to connect in a positive and friendly way over a shared love for electronic dance music. The emphasis on maintaining PLUR in the EDM scene has allowed it to attract such a diverse audience and demographic mix. It’s why groups of people like the LGBT community, the black community, women, and many more have been able to make the clubs and the music scene a safe haven for them to relax and have a good time with friends and like-minded individuals.

What is the relationship between raves and drugs? 

People like to use drugs to enhance the experience of raves and parties. As a result, electronic dance music has been given a stigma that it is associated with drugs. This isn’t completely true, however. EDM is an art form and style of music production that has a clear and demonstrated developmental legacy from other music genres. Whether drugs or involved or not, EDM would have come into fruition due to the technological innovations that were occurring with musical equipment.

Yet, when we do look into the cultural movements associated with the music we do have to acknowledge that drug use is present and in some cases exemplified.

Our conversation about clubs and drugs can’t begin without mentioning alcohol.

Alcohol has always been intimately tied with pretty much any adult social gatherings and the same holds true with today’s festivals and nightclubs.

Almost all major EDM festivals and night clubs offer alcohol to eligible patrons aged 21+. Alcohol is often how most of these events and venues make money besides ticket sales, merchandise, and other concessions.

However, the majority of these venues almost always have procedures in place to prevent underage drinking including measures such as checking IDs. Over-drinking can be a potential problem at these events which is why most venues hire security guards and medical staff to handle drunk or obnoxious individuals.

The first popular party drug to make a big splash in the dance and nightlife scene was Cocaine.

Cocaine is a processed powder made from the leaves of the Coca Plant. Cocaine is a stimulant, and when ingested, often by nasal consumption, leaves the user feeling excited, more alert, more social, euphoric, and with increased feelings of sexual arousal. Cocaine is highly addictive and expensive and its use was culturally synonymous with clubbing and dancing in the 1980s, especially in cities like Miami, New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, as well as international hubs like London, Berlin, and Paris.

America’s obsession for cocaine during the 1980s, fueled the so-called era of the Cocaine Cowboys, a time when violent criminal gangs operating in American cities waged war against each other for control and dominance of the highly lucrative and profitable cocaine trade.

Cocaine use eventually led to the Crack Epidemic when individuals started smoking chemically processed freebase cocaine in the form of “Crack”. This provided a more intense high, but also was highly toxic to the body and would leave users with severe physical side effects including hair loss, tooth decay, body sores, and other horrible medical issues. Crack addiction swept through inner-city communities in America and caused many people to become homeless, ruining their lives and destroying families.

The negative effects of Crack-Cocaine led to the subsequent passage of strict drug laws and the formation of the DEA or Drug Enforcement Agency. Soon afterward, the peak of cocaine use and distribution in America died down, and today cocaine is no longer as widespread an issue as other drugs which are now the mainstream.

Nowadays the most popular festival and rave drug is MDMA and Ecstasy. “Molly” as it’s known nowadays on the streets has been a popular drug in the rave scene since the 1990s. The effects of Ecstasy include increased social-ability, increased feelings of emotional empathy and self-awareness, euphoria, and feelings of sensory pleasure (NIDA, 2019). Recreational users of MDMA often refer to the experience of being intoxicated on Molly as “rolling” due to the excited and energized state the drug provides. MDMA is one of the most powerful stimulants and party drugs available on the black market.

The popularity of MDMA and Ecstasy is no exaggeration- a recent study conducted at a major Australian EDM music festival revealed that nearly 60% of participants had consumed the rave drug within the past 12 months of being surveyed (Day and Others, 2018).

It is clear that what used to be “sex, drugs, and rock n’ roll” has become “sex, drugs, and rave n’ roll!”

However, there is a dark side to all this fun and partying at festivals.

The biggest risk of drug use at festivals and shows is the danger of drug overdose.

In recent years, it has become more common for people to unfortunately die from the consumption of party drugs. Many club and festival goers will often mix and take multiple drugs, commonly alcohol and some type of pill or powder. This increases the risk of adverse reactions and negative medical side effects such as loss of breath, difficulty concentrating, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, tinnitus, loss of consciousness, and of course death.

Another serious danger is misidentified and adulterated drugs. Even if you consider yourself a party veteran and are used to taking certain combinations of drugs; if you happen to purchase drugs that are cut or laced with dangerous substances like fentanyl or bath salts you are putting yourself unknowingly at risk.

Fentanyl is a big risk for users of club drugs, mainly because black market dealers and criminal organizations like to use Fentanyl as a cutting agent for drugs like cocaine, MDMA, Ketamine, Heroin, and other opiates. Fentanyl is a highly potent opiate that is significantly stronger than heroin and morphine. The threshold between recreational high and risk of overdose is exceptionally thin with Fentanyl, as just small amounts of the drug can be toxic enough to kill.

Even if you don’t take powders and pills, and like to stick with just smoking weed or taking psychedelics, you may be putting yourself in dangerous territory because of the widespread proliferation of new and deadly research chemicals and synthetic cannabinoids.

How do EDM event managers and venue owner’s address illicit substance use at their shows?

• Drug Testing Kits and Stations
  
• First-Aid and Medical Tents/Stations
  
• Public Service Announcements and Brochures Warning and Providing Advice Against Dangers of Drug Use at Festivals

The Popularity of The Club

Washington D.C is one of the hottest spots on the East Coast for nightlife and entertainment!

The District of Columbia offers plenty to do, especially when it comes to live music and partying. As the nation’s capital, Washington D.C is an international city, and people from all over the world often travel through the area.

Some of the top venues in Washington D.C include the following:

Club Glow

Opened in 1999 by Panorama Productions, Club Glow is the oldest operating dance party in Washington D.C.

Club Glow technically operates out of two separate venues, Echostage and Soundcheck but has hosted events at other locations such as DC Armory and RFK Stadium. Club Glow has received international accolades and recognition for its live music events and parties.

Club Glow is known for hosting famous artists like Avicci, Calvin Harris, Tiesto, Porter Robinson, and other famous EDM artists.

More information on Club Glow and events and can be found by visiting their website and social media links below:

Website: http://www.clubglow.com/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/ClubGlow/
IG: https://www.instagram.com/clubglow/

Echo Stage

Echo Stage is Washington D.C’s largest electronic dance music venue. The venue officially opened in September 2012 to much anticipation and is truly a world-class club.

Echo Stage is almost 30,000 square feet large, with state of the art sound systems and LED light displays that help performing artists and DJ’s create interactive and engaging musical experiences for large crowds of people. It is known for featuring some of the best and most talented DJs and EDM artists from around the world.

You don’t want to miss out on Echostage and its latest events. You can learn about and get prepared for Echostage events by checking out the club on social media and visiting their website below:

Website: http://www.echostage.com/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/Echostage/
IG: https://www.instagram.com/echostagedc/

Soundcheck

Soundcheck is one of Club Glow’s premier venues that opened in 2015. It is one of Washington D.C’s newer dance clubs, but already has an impressive following and reputation. Soundcheck is a hidden gem that can hold up to 300 visitors in it’s surprisingly spacious 4,400 square foot event space.

Soundcheck is known for being a so-called ‘soundproof’ venue where the main dance-floor and bar is located in the venue’s basement. As a result, the music volume is reduced outside the venue so you can enjoy a few moments of peace, quiet, and fresh-air when you visit the street level entrance.

You can stay up-to-date with upcoming events and shows at Soundcheck by following them on social media and checking out their website below:

Website: http://soundcheckdc.com/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/soundcheckdc/
IG: https://www.instagram.com/soundcheckdc/

Ultrabar

Ultrabar is just exactly what its name implies. The 5 story building features 6 full bars all with the best premium liquors and drinks. VIP Bottle Service is available, and if you are looking to have an extravagant night with friends there are 26 exclusive VIP tables available.

Ultrabar is sleek and lavish, and you are guaranteed to experience everything that the club and nightlife experience has to offer with this impressive venue.

Ultrabar is an adult only club for persons aged 21+ and up.

You can learn more about upcoming events and shows at Ultrabar by following them on social media and checking out their website below:

Website: https://ultrabardc.com/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/ultrabar/
IG: https://www.instagram.com/ultrabardc/

Flash

Flash night club is one of the hottest and most popular clubs in Washington D.C. Opened in June of 2013, Flash is an invigorating dance venue that plays a great variety of music from EDM to Top 40s, to Hip-Hop and more!

Flash has a ground-level floor and a 2nd floor Club level. Both floors have full-service bars that feature exotic frozen cocktails, organic juices, and even kombucha! Did we mention that the 2nd floor Club level is a rooftop bar? 

Flash is strictly an age 21+ club and you will need a government-issued ID to get in.

Follow Flash on Facebook and Instagram by visiting their links and website below:

Website: https://www.flashdc.com/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/FlashClubDC/
IG: https://www.instagram.com/flashclubdc/

U-Street Music Hall

U-Street Music Hall was founded in March 2010 and is a regionally recognized and awarded music venue. It features two full-service bars and a large event room that can hold up to 500 people.

U-Street Music Hall has a state of the art sound system and 1200 square foot dance-floor located in its basement venue space. U-Street Music Hall has 2 bars that offer drinks, but there isn’t fancy club usual's like bottle service or VIP tables. U-Street Music Hall is primarily a music event venue. The focus is on the performing artist and the dance floor! U-Street Music Hall has featured famous EDM artists including Disclosure, Kaskade, Skrillex, RL Grime, and others.

You can stay up-to-date with upcoming events and shows at U-Street Music Hall by following them on social media and checking out their website below:

Website: https://www.ustreetmusichall.com/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/uhalldc/
IG: https://www.instagram.com/uhalldc/

Let the local scene grow and thrive so it can become an industry and beneficial for the community!

CITATIONS & REFERENCES:

(EDM) Electronic Dance Music Statistics 2017-2018 & 2019 Published By LowTone (2019). URL: https://www.lowtone.co/articles/edm-statistics/

EDM Rave-Culture: History By: Gus King. Published By Grinnell College. URL: https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/subcultures-and-scenes/edmrave-culture/

From Disco to Electronic Music: Following the Evolution of Dance Culture Through Music Genres, Venues, Laws, and Drugs By: Ambrose Colombo. Published by Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont (2010). URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/81f0/e1e74bb1f310fa682f479b3c9dd5201f98be.pdf

MDMA (Ecstasy) Abuse- What are the effects of MDMA? Published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Last updated September 2017, Accessed 2019. URL: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/what-are-effects-mdma

Music Festival Attendees Illicit Drug use, Knowledge and Practices Regarding Drug Content and Purity: A Cross-Sectional Survey By: Niamh Day, Joshua Criss, Benjamin Griffiths, Shireen Kaur Gujral, Franklin John-Leader, Jennifer Johnston, and Sabrina Pit. Published by Harm Reduction Journal, volume 15 (2018). URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756357/

Techno-Viking Archive By: Matthias Fritsch. Accessed 2019. URL: http://www.technoviking.tv/subrealic.net/works/installation/technoviking-archiv/technoviking-archive.html

OTHER RESOURCES:

Dance Cult is a peer-reviewed online academic journal that focuses on the academic study and discussion of Electronic and Electronic Dance Music and it’s impact on human culture. It is a great online resource for EDM fans that really want to appreciate and understand the true influence that EDM has had over the years in various other areas of study including Psychology, Sociology, Music Theory, Economics, and more.

You can visit the link for Dance Cult at: https://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/dancecult